Is It Legal To Require An Esa To Be Registered

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Service Animals and Emotional Support Animals

Where are they allowed and under what conditions?

Jacquie Brennan
Vinh Nguyen (Ed.)
Southwest ADA Middle
A plan of ILRU at TIRR Memorial Hermann

Foreword

This manual is dedicated to the memory of Pax, a devoted guide dog, and to all the handler and canis familiaris teams working together beyond the nation. Guide dogs make information technology possible for their handlers to travel safely with independence, liberty and dignity.

Pax guided his handler faithfully for over ten years. Together they negotiated countless decorated intersections and safely traveled the streets of many cities, large and modest. His good guiding kept his handler from injury on more than one occasion. He accompanied his handler to business meetings, restaurants, theaters, and social functions where he conducted himself as would any highly-trained guide dog. Pax was a seasoned traveler and was the commencement domestic dog to wing in the motel of a domestic aircraft to U.k., a country that had previously barred service animals without extended quarantine.

Pax was born in the kennels of The Seeing Eye in the beautiful Washington Valley of New Jersey in March 2000. He lived with a puppy-raiser family for almost a year where he learned bones obedience and was exposed to the sights and sounds of customs life—the same experiences he would soon face as a guide domestic dog. He then went through 4 months of intensive training where he learned how to guide and ensure the safe of the person with whom he would be matched. In November 2001 he was matched with his handler and they worked as a team until Pax'due south retirement in Jan 2012, later on a long and successful career. Pax retired with his handler's family, where he lived with two other dogs. His life was full of play, long naps, and recreational walks until his death in January 2014.

It is the sincere promise of Pax'south handler that this guide will be useful in improving the understanding near service animals, their purpose and role, their extensive training, and the rights of their handlers to travel freely and to experience the same access to employment, public accommodations, transportation, and services that others take for granted.

I. Introduction

Individuals with disabilities may use service animals and emotional support animals for a variety of reasons. This guide provides an overview of how major Federal civil rights laws govern the rights of a person requiring a service beast. These laws, also as instructions on how to file a complaint, are listed in the last section of this publication. Many states also have laws that provide a different definition of service animal. You should bank check your state's law and follow the law that offers the virtually protection for service animals. The document discusses service animals in a number of different settings as the rules and allowances related to admission with service animals will vary according to the law practical and the setting.

Ii. Service Animal Defined by Title II and Championship Iii of the ADA

A service brute means any dog that is individually trained to do work or perform tasks for the do good of an private with a disability, including a physical, sensory, psychiatric, intellectual, or other mental inability. Tasks performed can include, amongst other things, pulling a wheelchair, retrieving dropped items, alerting a person to a sound, reminding a person to accept medication, or pressing an lift push.

Emotional support animals, comfort animals, and therapy dogs are not service animals under Championship II and Title 3 of the ADA. Other species of animals, whether wild or domestic, trained or untrained, are not considered service animals either. The work or tasks performed by a service animal must be straight related to the individual's inability. It does not matter if a person has a annotation from a doctor that states that the person has a disability and needs to take the animal for emotional support. A doc'south letter does not turn an animal into a service animal.

Examples of animals that fit the ADA's definition of "service fauna" because they have been specifically trained to perform a job for the person with a disability:

· Guide Dog or Seeing Eye® Dog¹ is a carefully trained canis familiaris that serves as a travel tool for persons who have severe visual impairments or are blind.

· Hearing or Bespeak Dog is a dog that has been trained to alarm a person who has a significant hearing loss or is deaf when a sound occurs, such as a knock on the door.

· Psychiatric Service Dog is a dog that has been trained to perform tasks that assist individuals with disabilities to detect the onset of psychiatric episodes and lessen their effects. Tasks performed past psychiatric service animals may include reminding the handler to have medicine, providing condom checks or room searches, or turning on lights for persons with Mail service Traumatic Stress Disorder, interrupting self-mutilation by persons with dissociative identity disorders, and keeping disoriented individuals from danger.

· SSigDOG (sensory signal dogs or social signal domestic dog) is a dog trained to assistance a person with autism. The dog alerts the handler to distracting repetitive movements common among those with autism, allowing the person to finish the motion (e.thou., hand flapping).

· Seizure Response Dog is a canis familiaris trained to aid a person with a seizure disorder. How the dog serves the person depends on the person'southward needs. The dog may stand guard over the person during a seizure or the dog may get for assist. A few dogs take learned to predict a seizure and warn the person in advance to sit downwards or move to a safe place.

Under Title Two and Three of the ADA, service animals are express to dogs. However, entities must make reasonable modifications in policies to allow individuals with disabilities to use miniature horses if they have been individually trained to practice piece of work or perform tasks for individuals with disabilities.

3. Other Support or Therapy Animals

While Emotional Support Animals or Comfort Animals are often used as role of a medical treatment plan as therapy animals, they are non considered service animals under the ADA. These support animals provide companionship, relieve loneliness, and sometimes assist with depression, anxiety, and sure phobias, but exercise not take special training to perform tasks that help people with disabilities. Even though some states accept laws defining therapy animals, these animals are not limited to working with people with disabilities and therefore are non covered past federal laws protecting the use of service animals. Therapy animals provide people with therapeutic contact, ordinarily in a clinical setting, to amend their physical, social, emotional, and/or cerebral functioning.

IV. Handler'due south Responsibilities

The handler is responsible for the care and supervision of his or her service fauna. If a service animal behaves in an unacceptable manner and the person with a disability does non control the animate being, a business concern or other entity does not have to allow the brute onto its premises. Uncontrolled barking, jumping on other people, or running away from the handler are examples of unacceptable behavior for a service brute. A business has the right to deny access to a dog that disrupts their business. For case, a service dog that barks repeatedly and disrupts another patron'south enjoyment of a motion-picture show could be asked to leave the theater. Businesses, public programs, and transportation providers may exclude a service animate being when the animal'south behavior poses a direct threat to the health or safe of others. If a service animal is growling at other shoppers at a grocery store, the handler may exist asked to remove the beast.

· The ADA requires the animal to be under the command of the handler. This can occur using a harness, leash, or other tether. However, in cases where either the handler is unable to concur a tether because of a disability or its employ would interfere with the service animal'south safe, effective functioning of piece of work or tasks, the service animal must be nether the handler's control past some other ways, such equally vox control.^two

· The animate being must be housebroken.³

· The ADA does non require covered entities to provide for the care or supervision of a service animal, including cleaning upwards after the animate being.

· The animal should be vaccinated in accordance with country and local laws.

· An entity may likewise assess the type, size, and weight of a miniature equus caballus in determining whether or not the horse will exist allowed access to the facility.

V. Handler'southward Rights

a) Public Facilities and Accommodations

Titles 2 and Three of the ADA makes it articulate that service animals are immune in public facilities and accommodations. A service animal must exist immune to accompany the handler to any identify in the building or facility where members of the public, plan participants, customers, or clients are immune. Fifty-fifty if the business organisation or public programme has a "no pets" policy, it may non deny entry to a person with a service animal. Service animals are not pets. So, although a "no pets" policy is perfectly legal, it does not allow a business to exclude service animals.

When a person with a service creature enters a community facility or identify of public accommodation, the person cannot be asked about the nature or extent of his disability. Only two questions may be asked:

ane. Is the animal required because of a disability?

2. What piece of work or job has the animal been trained to perform?

These questions should not be asked, yet, if the fauna'southward service tasks are obvious. For example, the questions may not exist asked if the dog is observed guiding an private who is bullheaded or has low vision, pulling a person'south wheelchair, or providing assistance with stability or remainder to an individual with an observable mobility disability.⁴

A public accommodation or facility is not allowed to ask for documentation or proof that the fauna has been certified, trained, or licensed every bit a service animal. Local laws that prohibit specific breeds of dogs do not employ to service animals.⁵

A place of public adaptation or public entity may not ask an individual with a disability to pay a surcharge, even if people accompanied past pets are required to pay fees. Entities cannot require annihilation of people with service animals that they do not crave of individuals in general, with or without pets. If a public adaptation normally charges individuals for the damage they cause, an individual with a inability may be charged for impairment caused past his or her service fauna.⁶

b) Employment

Laws prohibit employment discrimination considering of a disability. Employers are required to provide reasonable accommodation. Allowing an private with a disability to have a service brute or an emotional support animal accompany them to work may be considered an accommodation. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), which enforces the employment provisions of the ADA (Title I), does not have a specific regulation on service animals.⁷ In the case of a service animal or an emotional back up animal, if the disability is not obvious and/or the reason the animal is needed is not clear, an employer may asking documentation to establish the existence of a disability and how the animate being helps the private perform his or her job.

Documentation might include a detailed description of how the animate being would assist the employee in performing job tasks and how the brute is trained to behave in the workplace. A person seeking such an accommodation may advise that the employer permit the animal to back-trail them to work on a trial ground.

Both service and emotional support animals may be excluded from the workplace if they pose either an undue hardship or a straight threat in the workplace.

c) Housing

The Fair Housing Human activity (FHA) protects a person with a disability from discrimination in obtaining housing. Under this law, a landlord or homeowner'southward clan must provide reasonable accommodation to people with disabilities so that they accept an equal opportunity to enjoy and apply a abode.⁸Emotional support animals that do not authorize as service animals under the ADA may nevertheless qualify as reasonable accommodations nether the FHA.^nine In cases when a person with a disability uses a service animal or an emotional support fauna, a reasonable adaptation may include waiving a no-pet rule or a pet eolith.¹⁰ This fauna is non considered a pet.

A landlord or homeowner'southward association may not inquire a housing applicant about the existence, nature, and extent of his or her inability. However, an individual with a disability who requests a reasonable accommodation may exist asked to provide documentation then that the landlord or homeowner'southward clan tin properly review the accommodation asking.¹¹ They can inquire a person to certify, in writing, (1) that the tenant or a member of his or her family is a person with a disability; (2) the need for the fauna to assist the person with that specific disability; and (3) that the animal actually assists the person with a inability. It is important to keep in mind that the ADA may apply in the housing context equally well, for example with student housing. Where the ADA applies, requiring documentation or certification would not be permitted with regard to an brute that qualifies equally a "service fauna."

d) Education

Service animals in public schools (K-12) ¹³ – The ADA permits a student with a inability who uses a service fauna to have the brute at school. In addition, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Human action (Thought) and Department 504 of the Rehabilitation Act let a student to use an fauna that does not meet the ADA definition of a service animal if that educatee's Private Education Program (IEP) or Section 504 team decides the animal is necessary for the student to receive a complimentary and appropriate education. Where the ADA applies, however, schools should exist mindful that the use of a service animal is a right that is not dependent upon the conclusion of an IEP or Section 504 team.¹⁴

Emotional support animals, therapy animals, and companion animals are seldom immune to accompany students in public schools. Indeed, the ADA does non contemplate the use of animals other than those coming together the definition of "service animal." Ultimately, the decision whether a pupil may apply an animal other than a service animate being should be fabricated on a instance-past-example footing past the IEP or Department 504 team.

Service animals in postsecondary educational activity settings – Under the ADA, colleges and universities must permit people with disabilities to bring their service animals into all areas of the facility that are open to the public or to students.

Colleges and universities may take a policy asking students who use service animals to contact the schoolhouse's Disability Services Coordinator to register as a pupil with a disability. College educational activity institutions may not crave whatsoever documentation about the preparation or certification of a service animate being. They may, however, crave proof that a service animal has any vaccinations required by country or local laws that apply to all animals.

e) Transportation

A person traveling with a service animal cannot be denied access to transportation, even if there is a "no pets" policy. In add-on, the person with a service animal cannot be forced to sit in a particular spot; no additional fees tin be charged because the person uses a service fauna; and the customer does non accept to provide advance find that s/he volition be traveling with a service animal.

The laws apply to both public and private transportation providers and include subways, fixed-road buses, Paratransit, rail, low-cal-rail, taxicabs, shuttles and limousine services.

f) Air Travel

At the end of 2020, the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) announced that it revised its Air Carrier Admission Act regulation on the transportation of service animals past air. We are working to update the information provided beneath to marshal with the changes. While nosotros take the time to update our data, check out a summary of the changes available on DOT's website. You can likewise find some additional data in DOT'south Aviation Consumer Protection's article about service animals.

The Air Carrier Access Human action (ACAA) requires airlines to allow service animals and emotional back up animals to accompany their handlers in the cabin of the aircraft.

Service animals – For prove that an creature is a service animal, air carriers may ask to see identification cards, written documentation, presence of harnesses or tags, or enquire for verbal assurances from the private with a disability using the animal. If airline personnel are uncertain that an animal is a service animal, they may enquire one of the following:

1. What tasks or functions does your animal perform for you?

2. What has your creature been trained to do for y'all?

iii. Would you describe how the animal performs this chore for you? ¹⁵

Emotional support and psychiatric service animals – Individuals who travel with emotional support animals or psychiatric service animals may demand to provide specific documentation to establish that they have a disability and the reason the animal must travel with them. Individuals who wish to travel with their emotional back up or psychiatric animals should contact the airline ahead of time to find out what kind of documentation is required.

Examples of documentation that may be requested by the airline: Electric current documentation (not more than i year old) on letterhead from a licensed mental health professional stating (1) the passenger has a mental health-related disability listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM IV); (ii) having the animal accompany the passenger is necessary to the passenger's mental health or handling; (3) the private providing the assessment of the passenger is a licensed mental health professional and the passenger is under his or her professional care; and (4) the date and type of the mental health professional person'due south license and the state or other jurisdiction in which information technology was issued.^sixteen This documentation may be required as a condition of permitting the beast to accompany the rider in the cabin.

Other animals – According to the ACAA, airlines are not required otherwise to behave animals of whatsoever kind either in the cabin or in the cargo hold. Airlines are costless to adopt whatsoever policy they choose regarding the carriage of pets and other animals (for example, search and rescue dogs) provided that they comply with other applicative requirements (for example, the Animal Welfare Act).

Animals such as miniature horses, pigs, and monkeys may be considered service animals. A carrier must make up one's mind on a case-by-instance basis according to factors such as the creature's size and weight; state and foreign state restrictions; whether or non the animal would pose a straight threat to the wellness or safety of others; or cause a central alteration in the motel service.¹⁷ Individuals should contact the airlines ahead of travel to observe out what is permitted.

Airlines are not required to ship unusual animals such equally snakes, other reptiles, ferrets, rodents, and spiders. Foreign carriers are not required to transport animals other than dogs.¹⁸

Vi. Reaction/Response of Others

Allergies and fear of dogs are non valid reasons for denying access or refusing service to people using service animals. If employees, fellow travelers, or customers are agape of service animals, a solution may be to let enough infinite for that person to avoid getting close to the service brute.

Most allergies to animals are caused past direct contact with the animal. A separated space might exist adequate to avert allergic reactions.

If a person is at risk of a meaning allergic reaction to an animal, it is the responsibility of the business or government entity to observe a way to adjust both the private using the service animal and the private with the allergy.

7. Service Animals in Training

a) Air Travel

The Air Carrier Access Act (ACAA) does non allow "service animals in training" in the cabin of the shipping considering "in grooming" status indicates that they do not however encounter the legal definition of service animal. Yet, similar pet policies, airline policies regarding service animals in training vary. Some airlines allow qualified trainers to bring service animals in training aboard an shipping for training purposes. Trainers of service animals should consult with airlines and become familiar with their policies.

b) Employment

In the employment setting, employers may be obligated to allow employees to bring their "service creature in training" into the workplace equally a reasonable accommodation, peculiarly if the beast is being trained to assist the employee with work-related tasks. The untrained fauna may be excluded, still, if it becomes a workplace disruption or causes an undue hardship in the workplace.

c) Public Facilities and Accommodations

Title II and Iii of the ADA does not cover "service animals in grooming" only several states have laws when they should be allowed admission.

VIII. Laws & Enforcement

a) Public Facilities and Accommodations

Title 2 of the ADA covers state and local authorities facilities, activities, and programs. Title III of the ADA covers places of public accommodations. Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Human action covers federal regime facilities, activities, and programs. It too covers the entities that receive federal funding.

Championship 2 and Title Three Complaints – These can exist filed through private lawsuits in federal courtroom or directed to the U.South. Department of Justice.

U.Southward. Department of Justice
950 Pennsylvania Avenue, Northward.Due west.
Ceremonious Rights Division
Disability Rights Department – NYA
Washington, DC 20530
http://world wide web.ada.gov
800-514-0301 (v)
800-514-0383 (TTY)

Section 504 Complaints – These must be fabricated to the specific federal agency that oversees the plan or funding.

b) Employment

Title I of the ADA and Section 501 and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Human activity prohibits discrimination in employment. The ADA covers private employers with xv or more employees; Section 501 applies to federal agencies, and Section 504 applies to any program or entity receiving federal financial assistance.

ADA Complaints - A person must file a accuse with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) within 180 days of an alleged violation of the ADA. This borderline may be extended to 300 days if there is a land or local fair employment practices bureau that besides has jurisdiction over this matter. Complaints may be filed in person, by mail, or past telephone by contacting the nearest EEOC office. This number is listed in most telephone directories under "U.South. Government." For more than information:

http://www.eeoc.gov/contact/index.cfm
800-669-4000 (phonation)
800-669-6820 (TTY)

Department 501 Complaints - Federal employees must contact their bureau's Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) officeholder inside 45 days of an declared Section 501 violation.

Section 504 Complaints – These must be filed with the federal agency that funded the employer.

c) Housing

The Fair Housing Act (FHA), as amended in 1988, applies to housing. Department 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in all housing programs and activities that are either conducted by the federal government or receive federal financial aid. Title II of the ADA applies to housing provided by land or local government entities.

Complaints – Housing complaints may be filed with the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity.

http://www.hud.gov/fairhousing

800-669-9777 (voice)

800-927-9275 (TTY)

d) Pedagogy

Students with disabilities in public schools (One thousand-12) are covered by Individuals with Disabilities Education Human action (Idea), Title Ii of the ADA, and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act. Students with disabilities in public postsecondary education are covered by Championship II and Section 504. Title Three of the ADA applies to individual schools (G-12 and post-secondary) that are non operated past religious entities. Private schools that receive federal funding are also covered by Section 504.

Idea Complaints - Parents tin can asking a due procedure hearing and a review from the state educational bureau if applicable in that state. They as well can entreatment the state agency'due south decision to state or federal court. Y'all may contact the Part of Special Educational activity and Rehabilitative Services (OSERS) for further data or to provide your own thoughts and ideas on how they may better serve individuals with disabilities, their families and their communities.

For more than information contact:

Function of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services

U.S. Department of Instruction

400 Maryland Avenue, S.Due west.

Washington, DC 20202-7100

202-245-7468 (vocalism)

Championship II of the ADA and Section 504 Complaints - The Office for Civil Rights (OCR) in the Department of Education enforces Championship Two of the ADA and Department 504 every bit they apply to education. Those who have had admission denied due to a service animal may file a complaint with OCR or file a private lawsuit in federal court. An OCR complaint must be filed within 180 agenda days of the engagement of the alleged bigotry, unless the fourth dimension for filing is extended for good cause. Earlier filing an OCR complaint confronting an institution, an private may desire to find out about the establishment's grievance process and utilise that process to accept the complaint resolved. All the same, an individual is not required by police to utilise the institutional grievance process before filing a complaint with OCR. If someone uses an institutional grievance process and then chooses to file the complaint with OCR, the complaint must be filed with OCR within sixty days after the last act of the institutional grievance process.

For more information contact:

U.Due south. Section of Education

Part for Ceremonious Rights

400 Maryland Avenue, S.W.

Washington, DC 20202-1100

Client Service: 800-421-3481 (vocalism)

800-877-8339 (TTY)

E-mail: OCR@ed.gov

http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/howto.html

Title Iii Complaints – These may exist filed with the Section of Justice.

U.Southward. Department of Justice

950 Pennsylvania Avenue, Due north.W.

Civil Rights Sectionalisation

Disability Rights Section – NYA

Washington, DC 20530

http://world wide web.ada.gov/

800-514-0301 (v)

800-514-0383 (TTY)

e) Transportation

Title Two of the ADA applies to public transportation while Title 3 of the ADA applies to transportation provided by private entities. Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Human action applies to federal entities and recipients of federal funding that provide transportation.

Title II and Department 504 Complaints – These may exist filed with the Federal Transit Assistants's Role of Civil Rights. For more information, contact:

Manager, FTA Office of Civil Rights

East Edifice – fifth Floor, TCR

1200 New Jersey Ave., S.E.

Washington, DC 20590
FTA ADA Assistance Line: 888-446-4511 (Vocalization)
800-877-8339 (Federal Information Relay Service)
http://www.fta.dot.gov/civil_rights.html
http://www.fta.dot.gov/12874_3889.html (Complaint Form)

Title III Complaints – These may be filed with the Department of Justice.

U.S. Department of Justice

950 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.

Civil Rights Sectionalization

Disability Rights Department – NYA

Washington, DC 20530

http://world wide web.ada.gov
800-514-0301 (5)

800-514-0383 (TTY)

Notation: A person does not have to file a complaint with the corresponding federal agency earlier filing a lawsuit in federal court.

f) Air Transportation

The Air Carrier Access Act (ACAA) covers airlines. Its regulations clarify what animals are considered service animals and explain how each type of creature should be treated.

ACAA complaints may be submitted to the Section of Transportation's Aviation Consumer Protection Partition. Air travelers who experience disability-related air travel service problems may call the hotline at 800-778-4838 (vox) or 800- 455-9880 (TTY) to obtain aid. Air travelers who would like the Department of Transportation (DOT) to investigate a complaint about a disability issue must submit their complaint in writing or via e-mail to:

Aviation Consumer Protection Division
Attn: C-75-D
U.Due south. Section of Transportation
1200 New Jersey Ave, S.E.
Washington, DC 20590

For additional information and questions about your rights under any of these laws, contact your regional ADA center at 800-949-4232 (voice/TTY).

Acknowledgements

The contents of this booklet were developed past the Southwest ADA Middle under a grant (#H133A110027) from the Department of Educational activity'south National Constitute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (NIDRR). However, those contents practise not necessarily represent the policy of the Department of Education and y'all should not assume endorsement by the Federal Regime.

Southwest ADA Center at ILRU
TIRR Memorial Hermann Research Centre
1333 Moursund St.
Houston, Texas 77030
713.520.0232 (voice/TTY)
800.949.4232 (vocalisation/TTY)
http://www.southwestada.org

The Southwest ADA Center is a programme of ILRU (Independent Living Research Utilization) at TIRR Memorial Hermann. The Southwest ADA Centre is part of a national network of x regional ADA Centers that provide up-to-date information, referrals, resources, and training on the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). The centers serve a diversity of audiences, including businesses, employers, government entities, and individuals with disabilities. Phone call one-800-949-4232 five/tty to achieve the center that serves your region or visit http://www.adata.org.

This book is printed courtesy of the ADA National Network. The Southwest ADA Center would similar to thank Jacquie Brennan (writer), Ramin Taheri, Richard Piddling, Kathy Gips, Sally Weiss, Wendy Strobel Gower, Erin Marie Sember-Chase, Marian Vessels, and the ADA Cognition Translation Center at the University of Washington for their contributions to this booklet.

Principal Investigator: Lex Frieden
Project Director: Vinh Nguyen
Publication staff: Maria DelBosque, Marisa Demaya, and George Powers

[1] http://www.seeingeye.org

[2] 28 C.F.R. 36.302(c)(4); 28 C.F.,R. § 35.136(d).

[3] 28 C.F.R. 36.302(c)(2); 28 C.F.,R. §35.136(b)(2).

[iv] 28 C.F.R. 36.302(c)(6).

[5] See 28 C.F.R. Pt. 35, App. A; Sak v. Aurelia, City of, C 11-4111-MWB (Northward.D. Iowa Dec. 28, 2011)

[half-dozen] 28 C.F.R. 36.302(c)(8).

[7] 29 C.F.R. Pt. 1630 App. The EEOC, in the Interpretive Guidance accompanying the regulations, stated that guide dogs may be an adaptation..."For instance, it would be a reasonable adaptation for an employer to permit an individual who is blind to utilise a guide canis familiaris at work, even though the employer would not be required to provide a guide dog for the employee."

[viii] 42 U.Due south.C. § 3604(f)(three)(B).

[9] Fair Housing of the Dakotas, Inc. 5. Goldmark Prop. Mgmt., Inc., 3:09-cv-58 (D.N.D. Mar. 30, 2011): "… the FHA encompasses all types of assistance animals regardless of grooming, including those that meliorate a physical disability and those that meliorate a mental disability."

[10] See Bronk v. Ineichen, 54 F.3d 425, 428-429 (7th Cir. 1995); HUD five. Purkett, FH-FL 19372 (HUDALJ July 31, 1990) Light-green v. Housing Authority of Clackamas Canton, 994 F.Supp. 1253 (D. Ore. 1998).

[xi] Hawn five. Shoreline Towers Stage 1 Condominium Association, Inc., 347 Fed. Appx. 464 (11th Cir. 2009).

[12] Run across "Pet Buying for the Elderly and Persons with Disabilities", 73 Federal Annals 208 (27 Oct 2008), pp. 63834-63838; United states of america. (2004). Reasonable Accommodations under the Fair Housing Human activity: Joint Argument of the Department of Housing and Urban Development and Department of Justice. Washington, D.C: U.South. Department of Housing and Urban Development and U.S. Department of Justice [Electronic Version]. Retrieved 03/06/2014 from http://www.justice.gov/crt/virtually/hce/jointstatement_ra.php.

[13] Private schools that are not operated by religious entities are considered public accommodations. Please refer to Section V(a).

[xiv] Sullivan v. Vallejo City Unified Sch. Dist., 731 F. Supp. 947 (Due east.D. Cal. 1990).

[fifteen] "Guidance Concerning Service Animals in Air Transportation", 68 Federal Register 90 (9 May 2003), p. 24875.

[16] fourteen C.F.R. § 382.117(e).

[17] fourteen C.F.R. § 382.117(f).

[18] Id.